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London Plumbers, Plumbing in London, 24 Hour Plumber London https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing
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Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word plumbum, which means lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting rid of waste. A plumber is somebody who puts or fixes in equipment such as water heaters, plumbing fixtures and piping systems. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste.[1 -

Plumbing refers to a system of fixtures and pipes put in a building to move the and water get cleared of waste that's in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city.

Contents [hide -
1 History
2 Materials
3 Regulation
4 References
History[change | change source -

Roman lead pipe at the Roman Baths in Bath, England, with a seam that is folded
Until modern cities grew in the 19th century. plumbing was rare At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get rid of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by dumping it onto the ground or into rivers and collecting it. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C.[2 - Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water.

These systems didn't improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually open sewage ditches were got rid of by the development of sewage systems and separate, underground water and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water and separates water from waste. Most places stopped for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning using lead. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes.[3 -

Materials[change | change source -
Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used pipes or channels made of bamboo, lead, clay or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper,[4 - brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in pipes today because it can be poisonous.[5 - [6 - [7 -

Piping being placed for a sink

For working on fittings and pipes plumber wrench
The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of tube or pipe. A pipe is made by casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe has thicker walls and might be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques like 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

As well as the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, for example valves, elbows, tees, and unions.

Plumbing fixtures are designed for the people who use the water. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier
Glazier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the surname, see Glazier (surname).

A glazier at the job, 1946.

This Deutsche Bundespost postage stamp, issued in 1986, commemorates glaziers.
A glazier is a skilled tradesman responsible for slicing, setting up, and removing glass (and materials used as substitutes for cup, such as some plastics).[1 - Glaziers may work with glass in a variety of surface types and settings, such as home windows, doors, shower doorways, skylights, storefronts, displays, mirrors, facades, interior walls, ceilings, and tabletops.[1 - [2 -

Contents [hide -
1 Responsibilities and tools
2 Education and training Glaziers Holloway, N7, Glazing http://glaziers-holloway.co.uk - Show more>>>
3 Occupational hazards
4 In america
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Duties and tools[edit -

A couple of glazier tools
The Occupational Outlook Handbook of the U.S. Department of Labor lists the next as typical tasks for a glazier:

Follow specifications or blueprints
Remove any broken or old glass before setting up replacement cup
Cut glass to the specified size and shape
Make or install sashes or moldings for cup installation
Fasten glass into frames or sashes with clips, moldings, or other types of fasteners
Add weather seal or putty around pane edges to seal joints.[3 -
The National Occupational Analysis recognized by the Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship separates the trade into 5 obstructs of skills, each with a list of skills, and a list of tasks and subtasks a journeyman is expected to be able to accomplish:[4 -

Stop A - Occupational Skills

1. Uses and maintains equipment and tools

2. Organizes work

3. Performs routine activities

Block B - Commercial Door and Home window Systems

4. Fabricates commercial home window and door systems

5. Installs commercial door and home window systems

Block C - Residential Door and Window Systems

6. Installs residential screen systems

7. Installs home door systems

Block D - Niche Glass and Products

8. Fabricates and installs specialty glass and products

9. Installs glass systems on vehicles

Stop E - Servicing

10. Services commercial door and home window systems

11. Services home door and home window systems

12. Services niche cup and products.

Tools used by glaziers "include slicing boards, glass-cutting cutting blades, straightedges, glazing knives, saws, drills, grinders, putty, and glazing compounds."[1 -

Some glaziers use glass in motor vehicles specifically; other work specifically with the basic safety cup found in aircraft.[1 - [3 -

Education and training[edit -
Glaziers are usually educated at the senior high school diploma or comparative level and find out the skills of the trade through an apprenticeship program, which in the U.S. is typically four years.[3 -

In the U.S., apprenticeship programs are offered through the National Cup Association as well as trade organizations and local companies' associations. Construction-industry glaziers are users of the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades frequently.[1 -

In Ontario, Canada, apprenticeships are offered at the provincial level and authorized through the Ontario College of Trades.[5 -

Other provinces manage their own apprenticeship programs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)
The Trade of Glazier is a designated Red Seal Trade in Canada.[6 -

Occupational hazards[edit -
Occupational hazards encountered by glaziers include the risks of being cut by glass or tools and falling from scaffolds or ladders.[1 - [3 - The use of heavy equipment may also cause injury: the Country wide Institute for Occupational Basic safety and Health (NIOSH) reported in 1990 a journeyman glazier died within an industrial incident in Indiana after attempting to use a manlift to transport a thousand-pound case of cup that your manlift didn't have capacity to carry.[7 -

In the United States[edit -
According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, there are some 45,300 glaziers in the United States, with median pay of $38,410 per calendar year in 2014.[3 - Two-thirds of Glaziers work in the foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors industry, with smaller amounts employed in building materials and supplies coping, building finishing contracting, automotive maintenance and repair, and glass and glass product production.[2 - [3 -

Among the 50 states, only Connecticut and Florida require glaziers to hold a license.[3 -

See also[edit -
Architectural glass
Glazing in architecture
Insulated glazing
Stained glass
Glass manufacturing
Glassblowing

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